condylusdiscuscomplex

The condylus-discus complex, sometimes referred to as the condylar-disc complex, is the functional unit of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). It consists of the mandibular condyle (condylus mandibulae) and the articular disc (discus articularis), along with the fibrous capsule, ligaments and surrounding retrodiscal tissues. The articular disc is a fibrocartilaginous structure that divides the TMJ cavity into superior and inferior compartments, enabling two distinct patterns of movement.

The disc is anchored anteriorly to the superior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle and posteriorly to the capsule and retrodiscal tissue, while the condyle articulates with the articular eminence of the temporal bone and the mandibular fossa. The superior compartment permits translational gliding, whereas the inferior compartment allows hinge-like rotation as the mouth opens.

Functionally, the condylus-disc complex cushions and distributes load across the joint, facilitating smooth opening, closing and lateral movements. It protects the osseous surfaces from excessive wear and ensures proper articulation between the mandible and temporal bone. Clinically, abnormalities such as disc displacement (with or without reduction), degenerative changes, or inflammation are common causes of temporomandibular joint pain and dysfunction. MRI is a primary imaging method to evaluate disc position and integrity; CT or CBCT may be used to assess bony changes.