codeswitches

Code-switching is the alternating use of two or more languages or language varieties within a single conversation, sentence, or constituent by speakers who have competence in multiple languages. It occurs across many communities and is a well-documented feature of multilingual communication. Code-switching differs from borrowing or language replacement in that it involves switching languages within discourse rather than permanently adopting elements of one language into another.

Code-switching patterns are often categorized by their location in discourse. Inter-sentential switching occurs between sentences, intra-sentential switching happens within a single sentence, and tag switching involves inserting a tag or a fixed phrase from one language into an utterance in another language. Examples include mixing vocabulary, using different pronouns, or inserting phrases such as "you know" or "¿cómo se dice?" within a sentence.

Social and functional aspects drive code-switching. It can signal identity, group solidarity, or stance, manage social distance or authority, align with a topic, or facilitate communication when a term from one language more precisely captures meaning. Audience design, topic shift, and cultural relevance also influence its use. It reflects language ideology, context, and individual preference, and is not uniformly graded as either correct or incorrect.

Linguists study code-switching to understand language structure, cognitive processes, and social dynamics. While some research suggests links to enhanced executive function in bilinguals, findings are mixed. Code-switching is a common, normal practice in multilingual communities and media, illustrating how languages coexist in everyday speech.