cocarcinogen

A cocarcinogen is a substance that, while not carcinogenic on its own, significantly enhances the carcinogenic effect of another carcinogen. This means that exposure to a cocarcinogen alongside a known carcinogen can lead to a higher risk of developing cancer than exposure to the carcinogen alone. The cocarcinogen does not typically cause cancer by directly damaging DNA, which is the primary mechanism of many carcinogens. Instead, it often works by promoting cell proliferation, inhibiting DNA repair mechanisms, or interfering with the immune system's ability to eliminate damaged cells.

Examples of substances that have been identified as cocarcinogens include certain components of tobacco smoke, like phenols and certain alcohols, which can increase the risk of lung and esophageal cancers when inhaled alongside known carcinogens in tobacco. Another example is asbestos exposure, where certain viral infections can act as cocarcinogens, increasing the likelihood of developing mesothelioma. The interaction between a carcinogen and a cocarcinogen is often dose-dependent, meaning the enhancing effect is more pronounced at higher levels of exposure to the cocarcinogen. Understanding cocarcinogens is crucial for developing comprehensive strategies for cancer prevention, as it highlights the importance of avoiding synergistic exposures to multiple harmful agents.