cervixul

The cervix, or cervix uteri, is the lower, narrow part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. It forms the connection between the uterine cavity and the vaginal canal through the internal os (into the uterus) and the external os (into the vagina). The cervix comprises two main regions: the endocervix, lined by glandular epithelium, and the ectocervix, covered by squamous epithelium. The junction between these epithelia, the transformation zone, is a key area for cervical health and screening.

The cervix has several roles. It acts as a barrier against infection, produces mucus through cervical glands, and plays a part in reproduction by routing sperm through the cervical canal during the fertile window. Cervical mucus changes with the menstrual cycle: it becomes thinner around ovulation to facilitate sperm passage and thicker at other times to limit pathogens. The cervix also provides structural support to the uterus and, during pregnancy, forms a mucus plug to protect the fetus; it later dilates during labor to allow delivery.

Common health issues include cervicitis (inflammation of the cervix), nabothian cysts, and polyps. A major concern is cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer, largely associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Routine screening with the Pap test and HPV testing has reduced cervical cancer incidence in many populations. Abnormal findings may lead to colposcopy and treatments such as loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) or cone biopsy. Vaccination against HPV also reduces risk.