cefalosporinok

Cefalosporinok are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. They are derived from the fungus Acremonium chrysogenum and are structurally similar to penicillin, differing mainly in the presence of a dihydrothiazine ring in addition to the beta-lactam ring. This structural difference affects their spectrum of activity and resistance to bacterial enzymes.

Cefalosporinok are classified into several generations, with each subsequent generation generally exhibiting broader antibacterial coverage, particularly against Gram-negative bacteria. First-generation cephalosporins are most active against Gram-positive bacteria. Second-generation agents have increased activity against Gram-negative bacteria while retaining good Gram-positive coverage. Third-generation cephalosporins are more potent against Gram-negative pathogens and often have reduced activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Fourth-generation cephalosporins possess a broad spectrum of activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including many resistant strains. Fifth-generation cephalosporins are designed to be effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

These antibiotics work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to cell lysis and death. They are typically administered orally or intravenously, depending on the specific drug and the severity of the infection. Common side effects can include gastrointestinal disturbances, allergic reactions, and a risk of developing Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Resistance to cephalosporinok can occur through various mechanisms, including the production of beta-lactamase enzymes by bacteria, alterations in target penicillin-binding proteins, and reduced penetration of the drug into bacterial cells.