campanulariids

Campanulariids are a taxonomic superfamily of marine hydrozoans, a group of colonial animals related to jellyfish and corals. They belong to the order Anthoathecata within the class Hydrozoa. Campanulariids are characterized by their colonial structure, where individual zooids are housed within protective cups called hydrothecae. These hydrothecae are often bell-shaped, hence the superfamily's name, derived from the Latin word "campanula" meaning "little bell."

The colonies of campanulariids can vary in form, often appearing as branching structures or stolons growing on substrates like rocks, shells, or seaweed. Each colony is a collection of specialized individuals. Some zooids are reproductive polyps called gonophores, which produce medusae (jellyfish). Other zooids are feeding polyps called hydranths, responsible for capturing prey with their tentacles. The feeding polyps are typically enclosed within the campanulate hydrothecae, providing protection. The reproductive polyps may be naked or have their own less prominent protective structures.

Campanulariids are found in marine environments worldwide, from shallow coastal waters to deeper oceanic regions. They are an important component of benthic communities, serving as both prey and habitat for other organisms. Their life cycle typically involves a sessile polyp stage that forms colonies and a free-swimming medusa stage. The medusae are usually small and possess a characteristic bell shape and tentacles. Reproduction is primarily sexual, with medusae releasing gametes into the water column. After fertilization, a planula larva develops, which eventually settles and metamorphoses into a new polyp colony.