calendarului

Calendarului is the Romanian term corresponding to the calendar, the system used to organize days into cycles for social, religious, and administrative purposes. In general, a calendar defines units such as days, weeks, months, and years, and assigns dates to days to support planning, record-keeping, and coordination across society. Most calendars reflect a combination of astronomical cycles and social convention, balancing the solar year with lunar or other cycles.

Historically, calendars arose from practical needs such as agriculture, religious observances, and taxation. Many early calendars were lunar, tracking the moon’s phases, while others aimed to approximate the solar year. The Julian calendar, introduced under Julius Caesar in 45 BCE, established a solar-year framework. The Gregorian reform of 1582 refined this system to correct drift over centuries, a reform that was gradually adopted by different regions and remains the basis of the civil calendar in most places today.

There are several major calendar systems in use. The Gregorian calendar is solar and is used worldwide for civil purposes. Lunar calendars, such as the Islamic calendar, rely on monthly lunar cycles. Lunisolar calendars, including the Hebrew and Chinese calendars, combine lunar months with periodic intercalary months to stay aligned with the solar year. Some regions and communities also maintain cultural or religious calendars alongside the Gregorian system, and certain national or regional calendars (for example, the Indian national calendar) are formal alternatives to the Gregorian framework.

In modern usage, calendars underpin digital scheduling, time-stamping, and date formats (for example, ISO 8601), as well as religious observances, academic calendars, and fiscal planning.