calefacció

Calefacció is the set of technologies and practices used to generate, distribute and regulate heat for buildings and industrial processes. In Catalan usage, the term covers all systems designed to provide indoor warmth, from domestic radiators to large district heating networks.

Etymology: the word derives from Latin calefacere, meaning to heat, and entered Catalan through Romance language evolution to denote the action or system of heating.

Typical components include a heat source (boiler, heat pump, solar collector, or electrical heater), a distribution network (pipes for hot water or steam, or ducts for air), and emitters (radiators, underfloor or wall heating, convectors). Central heating systems collect heat in a single source and distribute it through a building; local or individual heating uses point sources.

Common energy sources: natural gas and petroleum products are common in older installations, but electricity, biomass, district heating, and solar thermal are increasingly used. Heat pumps extract ambient heat and can operate with electricity; solar thermal can preheat water.

Types of calefacció: hydronic systems circulate hot water through pipes to radiators or underfloor circuits; steam systems use high-temperature water or steam; air-based systems heat via warmed air; electric resistance systems generate heat directly at the point of use. Underfloor heating and radiant panels are examples of radiant calefacció, while forced-air systems combine heating with ventilation.

Efficiency and regulation: energy efficiency depends on insulation, airtightness, and control systems such as programmable thermostats. Regulations in many countries govern installation, combustion safety, venting, and emissions, with emphasis on reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.