brevetoxin3

Brevetoxin 3 is a specific analog within the brevetoxin family of neurotoxins. Brevetoxins are lipid-soluble polycyclic ether compounds produced by dinoflagellates, particularly those of the genus Karenia, such as Karenia brevis. These toxins are responsible for the phenomenon known as "red tides" or harmful algal blooms, which can cause significant ecological and economic impacts. Brevetoxin 3, like other brevetoxins, acts as a potent neurotoxin by binding to voltage-gated sodium channels in nerve and muscle cells. This binding causes the channels to remain open for extended periods, leading to an influx of sodium ions and subsequent repetitive firing of neurons. Symptoms of brevetoxin poisoning in humans, often referred to as neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP), can include gastrointestinal distress, respiratory problems, and neurological effects such as tingling sensations, dizziness, and temperature reversal (feeling cold when it's hot and vice versa). Brevetoxin 3 can accumulate in filter-feeding shellfish that consume the toxic dinoflagellates, posing a risk to humans and other animals that consume contaminated seafood. Research on brevetoxin 3 contributes to understanding the mechanisms of neurotoxicity and developing strategies for monitoring and mitigating the effects of harmful algal blooms.