bosimlar

Bosimlar, Uzbek for pressures, refers to the measure of a perpendicular force per unit area exerted by a fluid or gas. In physics, pressure is defined as P = F/A, where F is the normal force on a surface of area A. Pressure can exist inside a medium, at its boundaries, or in the surrounding environment. In a static fluid, pressure is transmitted equally in all directions (Pascal's principle). In fluids under gravity, pressure increases with depth, described by P = ρgh, where ρ is density, g is gravitational acceleration, and h is depth.

Common types include atmospheric pressure, hydrostatic pressure, gauge pressure, and absolute pressure. Atmospheric pressure is the surrounding air pressure; gauge pressure is the pressure relative to atmospheric, while absolute pressure is total pressure measured from a vacuum reference. The SI unit is the pascal (Pa); practical units include kilopascals (kPa), bars, and atmospheres (atm). At sea level, standard atmospheric pressure is about 101,325 Pa (1 atm), and 1 bar equals 100,000 Pa.

Measurement relies on devices such as barometers for atmospheric pressure, manometers and bourdon tubes for lower pressures, and electronic pressure transducers for industrial sensing. In engineering, pressure underpins hydraulics, pneumatics, and fluid dynamics. In daily life, blood pressure is a familiar biological example of gauge pressure within vessels.

Historically, the study of atmospheric and fluid pressure developed through experiments by Torricelli and later by Pascal, who formulated Pascal's law, and by numerous researchers who refined pressure measurement.