bordák

Bordák is the Hungarian term for the ribs, the paired bones that form the thoracic cage. In humans there are 24 ribs, arranged in 12 pairs on either side of the thorax. They protect thoracic organs such as the heart and lungs and assist respiration by helping to expand and contract the chest in concert with the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm.

Each borda is a curved, flat bone with a head, neck, tubercle, and shaft. The head articulates with the bodies of the corresponding thoracic vertebra and the vertebra above; the tubercle articulates with the transverse process of the same vertebra. The anterior end connects to the sternum via costal cartilage. Ribs 1–7 are true ribs, attaching directly to the sternum; ribs 8–10 are false ribs, joining the cartilage of the rib above; ribs 11–12 are floating ribs, not reaching the sternum.

Developmentally, bordák ossify from costal cartilage through endochondral ossification and grow during childhood, reaching their final length in adolescence. Functionally, they protect thoracic organs and, together with intercostal muscles, contribute to breathing by expanding the thoracic cavity.

Clinically, rib injuries such as fractures are common and can lead to chest wall instability or impaired respiration. Anatomical variations occur, including supernumerary or bifid ribs.