bioszintézist

Bioszintézis, or biosynthesis, is the process by which living organisms construct complex organic molecules from simpler precursors, using enzymes and energy. It is an anabolic counterpart to catabolic processes that break down molecules. In cells, biosynthesis underpins growth, maintenance, and reproduction by building macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and lipids.

Enzymes catalyze each step, often via multi-enzyme complexes and cellular compartments. Energy is provided by molecules such as ATP, NADPH, and other reducing equivalents. Pathways can be linear, branched, or cyclic, and are tightly regulated by feedback mechanisms, allosteric control, and gene expression to match nutrient availability and cellular needs. Compartmentalization in organelles (mitochondria, plastids) helps coordinate different biosynthetic routes.

Biosynthesis is typically categorized into primary biosynthesis, which produces essential macromolecules for growth and function (e.g., amino acid, nucleotide, fatty acid, and carbohydrate biosynthesis), and secondary biosynthesis, which yields specialized metabolites that are not strictly necessary for survival but can offer ecological advantages (such as alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolics in plants).

Understanding biosynthesis is central to biotechnology and medicine, enabling metabolic engineering to produce pharmaceuticals, biofuels, and industrial compounds, as well as insights into metabolic disorders that arise from faulty biosynthetic pathways.