bioartificial

Bioartificial is a term used to describe systems that combine living cells with artificial materials to perform or augment biological functions. These devices integrate cellular components with biocompatible scaffolds, membranes, and perfusion systems to mimic aspects of organ physiology, such as detoxification, metabolism, or endocrine activity. By providing a controlled environment for cells, bioartificial systems aim to extend or replace native organ function without requiring full organ transplantation.

Common targets include liver, pancreas, and kidney function. Bioartificial liver support systems use hepatocytes housed in a semi-permeable cartridge to process toxins and produce metabolic products in patients with acute liver failure. Bioartificial pancreas approaches seek to restore insulin production by transplanting insulin-secreting cells within protective biomaterials to reduce immune attack. Experimental bioartificial kidneys pursue renal detoxification with living tubular cells in a bioreactor format. In tissue engineering, bioartificial constructs combine cells with scaffolds to repair or replace damaged tissues such as cartilage or vascular tissue.

Development status varies by application. Several bioartificial liver devices have undergone clinical trials or limited clinical use, while many pancreas- or kidney-focused systems remain primarily in preclinical or early clinical stages. Key challenges include maintaining cell viability and function, ensuring adequate nutrient and oxygen supply, preventing immune rejection through encapsulation or immunomodulation, preventing device fouling or infection, and achieving scalable manufacturing. The field emphasizes biocompatibility, sterile production, and robust regulatory pathways as it moves toward broader clinical adoption.