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Acetaldehyde, also known as ethanal, is an organic chemical compound with the formula CH₃CHO. It is a colorless liquid with a pungent, fruity odor. Acetaldehyde is an important industrial chemical and is produced on a large scale worldwide. It is primarily used in the production of acetic acid, but it also finds applications in the synthesis of other chemicals, including perfumes, dyes, and plastics.

In biological systems, acetaldehyde is a byproduct of ethanol metabolism. When alcohol is consumed, it is broken down in the liver by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase into acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde is then further metabolized by the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase into acetate, which is then converted into carbon dioxide and water. However, acetaldehyde is toxic and is responsible for many of the unpleasant effects of hangovers, such as nausea, headache, and vomiting. Chronic exposure to high levels of acetaldehyde can lead to serious health problems, including liver damage, cancer, and neurological disorders.

Acetaldehyde is flammable and can form explosive mixtures with air. It is also irritating to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Due to its reactivity, it is often stored with stabilizers to prevent polymerization. Its presence in the environment can arise from both natural processes, such as the oxidation of other organic compounds, and anthropogenic sources, including industrial emissions and vehicle exhaust.