antibiotice

Antibiotice refers to a class of medications used to treat bacterial infections. They work by either killing bacteria (bactericidal) or inhibiting their growth (bacteriostatic). Antibiotice are ineffective against viruses and should be used only when a bacterial infection is likely or confirmed.

Most antibi otice target essential bacterial processes. Examples include beta-lactams (such as penicillins and cephalosporins) that disrupt cell wall synthesis; macrolides and clindamycin that inhibit protein synthesis; tetracyclines and aminoglycosides that affect ribosomes; fluoroquinolones that interfere with DNA replication; and others that block metabolic pathways. They can be natural, semisynthetic, or fully synthetic.

History and impact: the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928 revolutionized medicine, enabling the treatment of bacterial infections, the safety of surgeries, and improvements in cancer therapy and obstetrics. Antibiotics are produced by microorganisms or synthesized in laboratories and are used in human medicine, veterinary medicine, and industry, with dosing and formulations adapted to infection site and patient needs.

Resistance and stewardship: widespread use has led to antimicrobial resistance, where bacteria acquire mechanisms to inactivate drugs, alter targets, or expel them. This reduces effectiveness and threatens public health. Responsible antibiotic use includes confirming bacterial infections when possible, selecting appropriate agents, using correct doses and durations, and avoiding unnecessary use in viral illnesses.

Safety and administration: antibi otice are administered orally, topically, or systemically (intravenous or intramuscular). Common adverse effects include allergic reactions, gastrointestinal upset, and, with some agents, risk of secondary infections or organ toxicity.