antiadhesion

Antiadhesion refers to properties or strategies that prevent adhesion of molecules, cells, or organisms to surfaces. It encompasses materials designed to resist fouling as well as therapeutic approaches aimed at reducing unwanted attachments in biological or clinical contexts. In materials science, antiadhesive surfaces seek to minimize the initial contact and subsequent binding of proteins, cells, or microbes. In medicine, antiadhesion can describe efforts to prevent tissue to tissue adhesions after surgery or to block pathogen adherence to host tissues.

The mechanisms behind antiadhesion include creating a physical or energetic barrier to attachment. Hydrophilic, well-hydrated surfaces reduce attractive forces and protein adsorption; steric repulsion from polymer chains such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) or zwitterionic polymers can prevent close approach by proteins and cells. Low surface energy, smoothness, and sometimes micro- or nano-texturing also contribute to reduced adhesion. Innovative approaches include slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPS), which provide a lubricating layer to minimize sticking.

Applications span medical, industrial, and consumer contexts. Antiadhesive coatings are used on medical devices, implants, and contact lenses to reduce biofilm formation, protein fouling, and immune responses. In surgery, antiadhesion barriers made from hydrogels or film coatings aim to prevent post-operative adhesions between tissues. Outside biomedicine, antiadhesive coatings minimize fouling on ship hulls, pipelines, and food-processing equipment, improving cleanliness and performance.

In addition to material solutions, antiadhesion strategies include pharmacological or nutraceutical approaches that interfere with pathogen adhesion to host tissues. Examples include inhibitors of bacterial adhesins and receptor-make analogs that block attachment. The effectiveness of antiadhesion strategies depends on the specific system, environment, and long-term stability, and research continues to optimize safety and cost.