aminoglikozidet

Aminoglycosides are a class of protein synthesis inhibitors used as antibiotics. They are characterized by their amino sugars linked by glycosidic bonds. The primary mechanism of action of aminoglycosides involves binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit of susceptible bacteria, interfering with the initiation of protein synthesis and causing misreading of messenger RNA (mRNA). This leads to the production of non-functional or toxic proteins, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death. Aminoglycosides are typically bacteriocidal.

These antibiotics are generally administered parenterally due to poor oral bioavailability. They are effective against a wide range of aerobic Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some Gram-positive organisms, particularly in combination with other antibiotics. Common examples of aminoglycosides include gentamicin, amikacin, tobramycin, and streptomycin. They are often used in the treatment of serious infections such as sepsis, pneumonia, and complicated urinary tract infections.

However, the use of aminoglycosides is associated with significant toxicities, primarily nephrotoxicity (kidney damage) and ototoxicity (damage to the inner ear, leading to hearing loss and balance problems). Monitoring of drug levels in the blood is often necessary to ensure therapeutic efficacy while minimizing the risk of these adverse effects. Resistance to aminoglycosides can develop through various mechanisms, including enzymatic modification of the drug, alterations in the ribosomal binding site, or reduced drug uptake by the bacterium.