aminoaciltRNSszintetáz

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aminoacil-tRNSszintetáz in Hungarian) are a crucial class of enzymes in protein synthesis. Their primary function is to catalyze the attachment of an amino acid to its corresponding transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule. This process, known as aminoacylation or tRNA charging, is essential for the accurate translation of genetic information from messenger RNA (mRNA) into protein. Each aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase is specific for a particular amino acid and its cognate tRNA. The enzyme first binds the correct amino acid and ATP, forming an aminoacyl-adenylate intermediate. This intermediate then reacts with the correct tRNA, transferring the amino acid to the 3' end of the tRNA and releasing AMP. This accurately charged tRNA can then deliver the amino acid to the ribosome during protein synthesis, ensuring that the correct amino acid is incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain according to the mRNA sequence. Errors in aminoacylation can lead to the incorporation of incorrect amino acids into proteins, potentially resulting in non-functional or harmful proteins. Therefore, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are highly accurate enzymes and are a major determinant of translation fidelity. There are typically 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in a cell, one for each of the standard 20 amino acids.