Väriaine

Väriaine refers to a substance used to impart color to materials or products. The term covers both dyes, which dissolve in the medium and chemically bind to the substrate, and pigments, which are insoluble particles dispersed in a binder. Väriaine can be natural or synthetic and is used in textiles, food, cosmetics, paints, and printing.

Classification distinguishes dyes from pigments and further separates natural from synthetic sources. Dyes require a soluble form and form chemical bonds with fibers or substrates, while pigments provide color through light reflection and are held by binders. Subcategories include organic and inorganic colorants, as well as plant- or mineral-derived materials.

Applications vary by field. In textiles, dyes and pigments color fabrics through immersion or coating; in food and cosmetics, colorants are used to achieve appearance and are regulated for safety and labeling; in paints and coatings, pigments determine hue and opacity and influence durability. Printing inks also rely on colorants with specific fastness properties.

Regulation and safety are central to the use of colorants. Authorities such as the European Food Safety Authority, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and national agencies assess toxicity, limits on daily intake, and labeling requirements. Environmental concerns include production waste, pigment dispersion, and end-of-life disposal.

Historically, natural colorants such as plant extracts were used for centuries. The advent of synthetic dyes in the 19th century transformed industry, enabling brighter colors and new applications, while prompting ongoing regulation and research into safer, more durable, and environmentally friendly colorants.