Viloxazine

Viloxazine is a non-tricyclic antidepressant that has been developed for mood disorders and, in its extended-release form, for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In the United States, viloxazine extended-release is marketed under the brand name Qelbree. It is used as a non-stimulant treatment for ADHD and is taken by mouth as capsules.

Medical uses and regulatory status: Viloxazine extended-release is approved for the treatment of ADHD in patients 6 years of age and older. It is typically considered when stimulant therapies are unsuitable or ineffective, or when a non-stimulant option is preferred. The precise approval scope may vary by country.

Pharmacology and mechanism: Viloxazine acts primarily as an inhibitor of norepinephrine reuptake and has additional effects on serotonergic pathways. The exact mechanism by which it alleviates ADHD symptoms is not fully understood, and its pharmacological profile reflects actions beyond simple mood effects.

Safety and side effects: Common adverse effects include somnolence, decreased appetite, nausea, fatigue, and irritability. As with other antidepressants, there is a risk of suicidality in children, adolescents, and young adults. Potential interactions with monoamine oxidase inhibitors and other central nervous system depressants should be considered and monitored by clinicians.

History and naming: Viloxazine was developed and marketed in the mid- to late 20th century as an antidepressant and was later repurposed into an extended-release formulation for ADHD, reflecting a shift toward non-stimulant treatment options.