Varyasyon

Varyasyon, Turkish for variation, is used across disciplines to denote differences among elements of a group or changes over time. The term emphasizes departures from a standard or baseline and is used in both methodological and descriptive senses.

In music, varyasyon is a formal technique in which a theme is repeated with alterations in melody, harmony, rhythm, or accompaniment.

In statistics and data analysis, variation describes how data values differ. Measures of dispersion include range, variance, and standard deviation; variation underpins statistical inference and hypothesis testing.

In biology and genetics, genetic variation refers to differences in DNA among individuals within a population, arising from mutation, recombination, and gene flow, providing raw material for evolution. Variation can be morphological, physiological, or behavioral.

In linguistics and sociology, variation refers to differences in language use across speakers, regions, or social groups, including dialects, sociolects, and registers.

In mathematics, the calculus of variations studies functionals and small changes to functions; total variation measures how much a function changes overall. The concept also appears in other fields to describe diversity or changes in systems.