Valulikkusega

Valulikkusega is Estonian, formed from the noun valulikkus, meaning the state or quality of being painful, or painfulness. The base valulikkus comes from the adjective valulik (painful) with the abstract noun suffix -kus. The ending -usega marks the instrumental or comitative case, indicating manner, accompaniment, or the means by which something is done. Thus valulikkusega literally means “with painfulness” or “in a painful manner.”

In Estonian grammar, valulikkusega is used to express accompaniment or manner related to pain. It can describe how an action is performed or what is associated with a subject, by linking the pain as a characteristic or factor. The form corresponds to other -usega constructions such as jalavaevaga (with effort) or murega (with worry), depending on the noun base.

Usage notes and nuance: valulikkusega is more common in formal or literary contexts. In everyday speech, speakers often prefer adverbs or adjectives to convey pain-related meaning, such as valusalt (painfully) or valulikult, or they use compounds like valulikkusega seotud to relate pain to other phenomena. The instrumental/comitative form is frequently seen in written descriptions, medical or psychological texts, and discussions of conditions where pain is an accompanying factor.

Common collocations include valulikkusega seotud sümptomid (symptoms related to pain), valulikkusega kaasnevad tunded (emotions accompanying pain), and sügav valulikkusega kaasneb ebamugavus (deep pain brings about discomfort).

See also: valulikkus, the noun for painfulness, and related forms in Estonian grammar.