Tritiums

Tritium (3H) is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. The term "tritiums" is sometimes used to refer to multiple tritium-containing atoms or compounds. Its nucleus has one proton and two neutrons and it decays by beta emission to helium-3 with a half-life of about 12.3 years, releasing a low-energy beta particle. External exposure is limited by the beta’s short range; internal exposure from ingestion, inhalation, or absorption is the principal radiological concern.

Natural occurrence and production: Tritium forms in the upper atmosphere through cosmic-ray interactions and occurs in trace amounts in water and organic matter. It is also produced in nuclear reactors and accelerators by neutron reactions with lithium or other materials; in fusion facilities it is bred in lithium-bearing blankets.

Forms and uses: In the environment, tritium appears as tritiated water (HTO) and as organically bound tritium in biological materials. Practical uses include self-luminous devices (where tritium gas excites phosphors), radiotracer studies in hydrology and biology, and as a potential fuel for experimental D–T fusion devices. Tritium dating is used for groundwater and atmospheric studies on decadal timescales.

Safety and regulation: As a beta emitter with low external toxicity, the main hazard is internal dose from uptake. Tritium handling is governed by radiation-protection regulations, with monitoring, containment, and sealed sources common. Disposal follows radiological waste rules.

Environmental considerations: Tritium readily exchanges with water and can migrate in the environment. Regulatory controls limit discharges from facilities, and monitoring programs track concentrations in air, water, and biospheres.