Tokugawa

Tokugawa refers to the Tokugawa clan, a powerful Japanese samurai family that founded the Tokugawa shogunate, which ruled Japan during the Edo period (1603–1868). The clan originated from the Matsudaira family of Mikawa Province; Tokugawa Ieyasu adopted the name Tokugawa after consolidating power following the decisive victory at Sekigahara in 1600.

Tokugawa Ieyasu established the shogunate in 1603 and moved the seat of power to Edo, present-day Tokyo. The bakufu centralized authority, created a rigid social order, and controlled the daimyō through the sankin-kōtai (alternate attendance) system, which required regional lords to spend every other year in Edo. This framework maintained long periods of internal peace, known as the Pax Tokugawa.

Policy of sakoku (national isolation) was tightened under the early Tokugawa, limiting foreign contact and trade to a few ports and restricting Christianity, while maintaining internal stability and economic growth.

By the 19th century, external pressures, economic strains, and internal tensions led to crisis. The arrival of Commodore Perry and forced opening of ports in 1853–54 undermined the shogunate. The Meiji Restoration of 1868 restored imperial rule and ended the Tokugawa regime.

Notable leaders include Tokugawa Ieyasu (founder), Tokugawa Iemitsu (the third shogun who consolidated isolationist policy), and Tokugawa Yoshinobu (the last shogun who oversaw the transition to Meiji). The era also saw cultural developments in art, literature, and theater, including ukiyo-e prints and kabuki.