Testscores

Test scores are numerical representations of an individual’s performance on an assessment. They commonly begin as raw scores—points earned for correct answers or items completed—that can be converted into standardized forms. Depending on the test, scores may be reported as raw counts, percentage scores, or more complex metrics designed to enable comparison across different test forms.

To facilitate comparison, many tests use scaled scores or percentile ranks. Scaled scores adjust for differences among test forms and are placed on a common scale. Percentiles indicate how a score compares with a reference group, signaling the percentage of people scoring lower. Some systems also employ z-scores or stanines to show relative standing.

Tests may be norm-referenced or criterion-referenced. Norm-referenced tests compare a test taker to a national or local group, while criterion-referenced tests measure mastery of specified content. Score interpretation depends on context, including the test’s purpose, administration conditions, and any accommodations granted. Reliability and validity concerns are central to evaluating scores.

Limitations include potential cultural or language bias, unequal access, and the fact that tests capture only a slice of ability or knowledge. Scores should be interpreted with caution and should be used in combination with other information when making decisions such as admissions or placement. Privacy and test security are also important considerations in test administration.