TENORM

TENORM, an acronym for Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials, refers to the radioactive elements that are present in the environment but are concentrated or made more accessible by human industrial activities. These materials are naturally occurring, meaning they are found in the Earth's crust, but human processes can alter their concentration, form, or distribution. Examples of such activities include mining and milling of uranium and thorium ores, oil and gas extraction, coal combustion, and phosphate fertilizer production.

The natural decay of uranium and thorium in the Earth's crust produces a series of radioactive isotopes, including radium and radon. TENORM occurs when these naturally occurring radionuclides are extracted from the ground and then concentrated during industrial processes. For instance, during oil and gas production, radium can precipitate out of produced water and accumulate on the inside of pipes and equipment, creating a TENORM waste product. Similarly, coal ash from power plants can contain elevated levels of naturally occurring radionuclides.

While TENORM materials are radioactive, their radioactivity levels can vary significantly. Regulatory oversight and management of TENORM are important to ensure public and environmental safety. The handling, storage, and disposal of TENORM waste are typically governed by regulations that aim to minimize exposure to radiation. The classification and management of TENORM can differ between jurisdictions, reflecting varying interpretations of what constitutes a regulated radioactive material.