Szuperfolyadékot

Szuperfolyadékot refers to a state of matter that exhibits zero viscosity when cooled to extremely low temperatures. This peculiar property, known as superfluidity, means that the substance can flow without any internal friction. The most well-known example of a superfluid is Helium-4, which enters this state below approximately 2.17 Kelvin (-270.98 degrees Celsius).

When a liquid becomes a superfluid, it can creep up the sides of containers and flow through incredibly narrow openings, such as pores in a solid, without resistance. This behavior is a macroscopic manifestation of quantum mechanical effects, specifically Bose-Einstein condensation. In this state, a large fraction of the atoms occupy the lowest possible quantum energy state, behaving as a single quantum entity.

The discovery of superfluidity in Helium-4 by Pyotr Kapitsa in 1937 and independently by John F. Allen and Don Misener shortly after was a significant breakthrough in understanding quantum phenomena in matter. Research into superfluids continues to be an active area in physics, with applications ranging from understanding the behavior of neutron stars to the development of highly sensitive scientific instruments. Other substances, like Helium-3 and certain ultracold atomic gases, can also exhibit superfluidity under specific conditions.