Syntézy

Syntézy, often written syntéza in some languages, is the process of combining simpler components to form a more complex product. The term derives from Greek sun (together) and thesis (placing). In scientific usage, it denotes the construction of new substances or systems, appearing most prominently in chemistry and biology, but also used in broader contexts to describe the integration of ideas, materials, or processes.

In chemistry, synthesis refers to the deliberate construction of chemical compounds from available starting materials. In biology and biochemistry, biosynthesis describes the production of complex molecules by living organisms, typically through enzyme-catalyzed pathways. These processes are studied to understand reaction mechanisms, pathways, and the efficiency and selectivity of forming specific products.

Common types include organic synthesis, which focuses on assembling carbon-containing molecules; total synthesis, the complete construction of a complex natural product from simple precursors; and polymer synthesis, which builds macromolecules by linking repeating units. Approaches to synthesis often involve retrosynthetic analysis to plan routes, multi-step sequences, and convergent strategies. Catalysis, protecting-group strategies, and control of stereochemistry are important considerations to improve yield, selectivity, and scalability.

Historically, the term and its practice gained prominence in the 19th century with advances in organic chemistry, notable milestones such as Friedrich Wöhler’s 1828 synthesis of urea, which demonstrated that organic compounds could be prepared from inorganic materials. Today, synthesis enables the production of medicines, materials, and a wide range of natural and synthetic products.

See also: biosynthesis, chemical synthesis, total synthesis, catalysis.