Sunuwar

The Sunuwar are an indigenous ethnic group of Nepal, with a smaller population in neighboring India. They belong to the Kirati group of peoples and are also known by the name Nyari, after their language. In Nepal, they are concentrated in the eastern hills, with communities in districts such as Bhojpur, Okhaldhunga, Khotang, and Udayapur, among others.

Language and classification: The Sunuwar language, also called Nyari, is a Kiranti language within the Sino-Tibetan family. It is spoken alongside Nepali, and language use varies by community and generation, with many Sunuwar bilingual in Nepali.

Culture and society: Traditionally agrarian, the Sunuwar organize social life around extended families and village networks. They practice a blend of Kirati ancestral rites and Hindu-influenced worship, and they maintain cultural traditions such as music and communal dances. Seasonal festivals rooted in Kirati harvest cycles, including Sakela dances, Ubhauli (spring migration) and Udhauli (autumn migration), are widely observed.

Religion: Many Sunuwar identify as Hindu, while others preserve Kirati religious practices and animist beliefs. Shamanic traditions, led by local ritual specialists, have historically played a role in rites of healing and clan ceremonies, though practices vary by locality.

Modern status: In Nepal, the Sunuwar are recognized as one of the country’s indigenous nationalities and participate in political, educational, and cultural programs. A smaller Sunuwar presence exists in India, where communities are linked with broader Kirati groups across the region.