Standardstate
The standard state of a substance is a reference point defined by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) for thermodynamic measurements. It is used to establish a common basis for comparing and reporting thermodynamic properties, such as enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy. The standard state is crucial in fields like chemistry, physics, and engineering, where precise measurements and calculations are necessary.
For a gas, the standard state is defined as a pressure of 1 bar (100 kilopascals) at
For solids and liquids, the standard state is the most stable form of the substance at the
The concept of the standard state is fundamental in thermodynamic calculations, particularly in the determination of