Spårtrafik

Spårtrafik, or rail traffic, is transportation that operates on rail tracks and uses a rail infrastructure to move passengers and goods. It includes passenger services—regional, intercity, long-distance and urban rail—as well as freight traffic. The system relies on coordinated rolling stock, tracks, signaling, electrical supply, stations and timetable planning to provide safe, reliable service.

In many countries, spårtrafik is organized with separate roles for infrastructure management and train operations. In Sweden, Trafikverket owns and maintains the rail network and allocates capacity, while the Swedish Transport Agency handles safety and permits. Passenger services are operated by licensed or concessioned companies, which may be public or private and funded through subsidies or market revenues.

Rail services depend on standardized technical systems, including electrification, standard gauge tracks, signaling and traffic management, and interoperable systems such as ETCS. High-capacity and high-speed lines extend the reach of spårtrafik, while urban networks integrate with local transit. Capacity planning and punctuality are central to service quality.

Spårtrafik began in the 19th century with steam locomotives and expanded through electrification in the 20th century. Since the late 20th century, liberalization and procurement reforms have increased operator competition and focused on efficiency, safety, and environmental sustainability. Today, spårtrafik is a vital part of regional development and climate policy by offering a low-emission alternative to road transport.