Sigiriya

Sigiriya, also known as Lion Rock, is an ancient rock fortress and royal citadel located in the central part of Sri Lanka. It rises about 370 meters (1,200 feet) above the surrounding plain, with a summit that houses the ruins of a palace complex, terraced gardens, and water features. The site is set on a massive column of rock that forms a dramatic core for the surrounding urban remains and landscaped gardens.

Historically, Sigiriya was developed in the 5th century CE as a royal capital by King Kashyapa I, who ruled from about 477 to 495 CE. He is believed to have relocated the capital from Anuradhapura and constructed the fortress atop the rock to defend the throne after seizing it from his father, Dhatusena. Following Kashyapa’s defeat by his brother Moggallana, the fortress was abandoned as a royal capital and later used as a Buddhist monastery and residence, with successive phases of occupation reflected in its remaining structures.

Key features of Sigiriya include the Lion Gate, where only the sculpted paws of a colossal lion remain; the palace terraces at the summit; and a sophisticated hydraulic system that supplied water to gardens and fountains. The Mirror Wall on the western face bears inscriptions, and the adjacent frescoes, known as the Sigiriya Damsels, preserve a distinctive mural style. The site is celebrated for its urban planning, architectural innovation, and artistic value.

Sigiriya was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982 and remains one of South Asia’s most important archaeological and tourist destinations, illustrating ancient Sri Lankan artistry and engineering.