Shamashs

Shamashs is not a standard one-term entry in scholarship, but a nonstandard plural form that may appear when referring to multiple figures or references named Shamash. The name Shamash is most prominently associated with two traditions, and the plural form sometimes arises in discussions that span these contexts.

In Mesopotamian religion, Shamash (the Akkadian form of the Sumerian Utu) is the sun god and a deity of justice and truth. He is a central figure in the pantheons of ancient Mesopotamia, with cults and offerings recorded across cities such as Sippar and Larsa. Shamash is associated with daylight, divination, and the administration of justice, and he appears in myths as a source of oracle and lawful order. Iconography and temple texts emphasize his role as a bringer of light and a upholder of judgment.

In Jewish tradition, shamash refers to the helper candle used to light the other candles on the menorah during Hanukkah and on Shabbat. The shamash is set apart from the other lights and serves a practical liturgical function, rather than being considered one of the primary lights itself.

Etymology and usage vary. The standard English usage treats Shamash as the singular name of the deity or as the name of the helper candle. If encountered, Shamashs as a plural form is uncommon and can be confusing; most discussions would specify the particular reference (the deity, or the ceremonial candle) rather than rely on a pluralized form.