Schriftlich

Schriftlich is a German adjective and adverb meaning written or in written form. It denotes information, statements, or actions that are produced, recorded, or conveyed by writing rather than by speech. The corresponding antonym is mündlich, which refers to oral or spoken communication.

Grammatically, schriftlich can modify nouns (schriftlicher Bericht, schriftliche Prüfung) or function as an adverb (Die Antworten mussten schriftlich eingereicht werden). In linguistic terminology, it contrasts with mündlich and with the broader concept of Schriftsprache, the formal written variety of a language, as opposed to the spoken vernacular.

Schriftlich is widely used in education, administration, law, and publishing. Examples include schriftliche Prüfungen, schriftliche Hausarbeiten, schriftliche Verträge, schriftliche Korrespondenz, and schriftliche Zeugnisse. In journalism and publishing, a schriftliche Arbeit may refer to articles, reviews, or manuscripts prepared in writing. The term can also describe documentation and forms meant to be kept as a written record.

Etymology: from Schrift meaning “writing” or “script,” with the suffix -lich forming adjectives. Related terms include Schriftsprache (the written language) and Schriftstück (a written document).