Reumakuume

Reumakuume, also known as rheumatic fever or acute rheumatic disease, is an inflammatory condition that can develop as a complication of untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) or scarlet fever. It primarily affects children and young adults, typically occurring two to four weeks after the initial infection.

The disease is characterized by an autoimmune response, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues, particularly the heart, joints, skin, and brain. The most serious consequence of reumakuume is rheumatic heart disease, which can lead to chronic valvular heart damage and heart failure.

Common clinical features include migratory polyarthritis, carditis, subcutaneous nodules, erythema marginatum (a distinctive rash), and Sydenham's chorea (a neurological disorder involving involuntary movements). Diagnosis is based on the Jones criteria, which include evidence of a preceding streptococcal infection and the presence of major and minor clinical manifestations.

Treatment involves antibiotics to eliminate the streptococcal bacteria and anti-inflammatory medications such as aspirin or corticosteroids to manage inflammation. Long-term secondary prevention with penicillin or other antibiotics is recommended in patients with carditis to prevent recurrence.

Preventing reumakuume relies on prompt treatment of streptococcal infections and maintaining good hygiene. Despite effective prevention strategies, rheumatic fever remains a significant health concern in developing countries, where access to healthcare is limited. The condition underscores the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of streptococcal infections to reduce the burden of rheumatic heart disease worldwide.