Përemra

Përemra are pronouns in Albanian grammar, a class of words that substitute for nouns or noun phrases to avoid repetition. They can function as subjects or objects, and some also act as determiners when used with nouns. They inflect for person and number to indicate who is involved and in what role.

Main types include:

- Personal pronouns: unë, ti, ai/ajo, ne, ju, ata/ato; used as subjects or objects.

- Demonstrative pronouns: ky/kjo, këto, ato; indicate proximity or distance (this, these, that, those).

- Interrogative pronouns: kush, çfarë, ku, kur, sa; used to ask about people, things, place, time, or amount.

- Relative pronouns: që, i cili/e cila; introduce relative clauses (that, who, which).

- Reflexive pronouns: vetvetja, vetë; refer back to the subject or emphasize action performed by the subject.

- Possessive pronouns: forms indicating possession (my, your, his/her, our, your, their) used with nouns.

Usage and syntax: Përemra may appear as independent words or as clitics attached to verbs. Independent forms are used for emphasis, contrast, or clarity, while clitic forms attach to the verb or come after prepositions in many constructions. They agree with the antecedent in person and number and influence word order within Albanian clauses.

Dialect and history: The system of pёremra is shared across Standard Albanian and most dialects, though some forms and usages vary regionally. Differences among varieties (for example in clitic placement and pronoun forms) reflect historical development and geographic variation.

See also: Albanian grammar, pronouns.