Prostata

The prostate, or prostata, is a small gland of the male reproductive system. It sits below the bladder and surrounds the proximal part of the urethra. In a healthy adult it typically weighs about 20 to 30 grams and is enclosed by a fibrous capsule and surrounding smooth muscle.

Anatomically the gland is divided into zones: the peripheral zone, the central zone, and the transitional zone. Most prostate cancers arise in the peripheral zone, while benign prostatic hyperplasia commonly develops in the transitional zone.

It produces prostatic fluid, a component of semen that helps nourish and transport sperm. The fluid contains enzymes such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and other substances that contribute to semen liquefaction and pH balance.

Developmentally the prostate arises from the urogenital sinus under the influence of androgens. In adulthood its secretory activity is regulated by autonomic input and androgens.

Clinical issues include benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatitis, and prostate cancer. BPH can cause lower urinary tract symptoms such as frequent urination, weak urine stream, and nocturia. Prostate cancer is a common malignancy, especially in older men, while prostatitis refers to inflammation that may be infectious or noninfectious.

Screening may involve digital rectal examination and measurement of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the blood. Diagnosis of cancer typically requires imaging and biopsy. Treatments vary by condition: BPH may be managed with medications or surgical procedures such as TURP; prostate cancer treatment ranges from active surveillance to surgery, radiation therapy, and hormone therapy; prostatitis is treated with antibiotics if bacterial.