Preanalitici

Preanalitici refers to the phase of laboratory testing that occurs before the actual analysis of a biological sample. This stage is critical for ensuring the accuracy, reliability, and validity of subsequent diagnostic or research results. It encompasses all activities and processes that take place from sample collection to the point at which the specimen reaches the analytical instrument or technician.

Key components of the preanalytical phase include proper patient identification, correct sample labeling, appropriate collection techniques, and proper handling and storage of specimens. For example, blood samples must be drawn using sterile techniques to avoid contamination, and urine samples should be collected under sterile conditions to prevent bacterial overgrowth. Additionally, the timing of sample collection—such as fasting requirements for certain blood tests—is essential to avoid misleading results.

Transport and storage conditions also play a vital role; some tests require samples to be kept at specific temperatures or processed within a limited timeframe to maintain integrity. Errors or inconsistencies during this phase, such as mislabeling or improper storage, can lead to false diagnoses, wasted resources, or delayed treatment.

Standardization of preanalytical procedures is crucial for maintaining quality and consistency across healthcare settings. Organizations like the College of American Pathologists (CAP) and the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) provide guidelines to minimize variability. Automation and digital tracking systems are increasingly used to streamline workflows and reduce human error.

In clinical laboratories, optimizing the preanalytical phase improves efficiency, reduces costs, and enhances patient care by ensuring that analytical results are accurate and meaningful. Proper attention to this phase is particularly important in diagnostic medicine, where even minor deviations can impact treatment decisions.