Polüools

Polüools are a class of organic compounds characterized by the presence of multiple hydroxyl (-OH) functional groups. This distinguishes them from monools, which have only one hydroxyl group. The term "polüool" itself is derived from the Greek word "poly," meaning many, and "ol," referring to the alcohol functional group. The number and arrangement of these hydroxyl groups significantly influence the physical and chemical properties of polüools. They are typically polar due to the presence of the electronegative oxygen atom in the hydroxyl groups, leading to strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding. This results in higher boiling points and melting points compared to nonpolar compounds of similar molecular weight. Furthermore, the numerous hydroxyl groups often render polüools soluble in water and other polar solvents.

Common examples of polüools include glycerol, a triol found in fats and oils, and ethylene glycol, a diol widely used as antifreeze. Sugars, such as glucose and sucrose, are also classified as polüools, often referred to as carbohydrates. The reactivity of polüools is primarily dictated by the hydroxyl groups, which can undergo reactions like esterification, oxidation, and etherification. Due to their diverse properties and widespread occurrence in nature and industry, polüools find applications in various fields, including pharmaceuticals, food production, cosmetics, and as solvents and plasticizers. The specific properties and uses depend heavily on the molecular structure and the number of hydroxyl groups present.