Polyurethanschaumdämmung

Polyurethanes are a diverse class of polymers formed by the reaction of polyols with di- or polyisocyanates, typically with catalysts, chain extenders, and blowing agents. The urethane linkage links the molecules and the formulation can be adjusted to yield a wide range of properties. By varying components and processing, polyurethanes can function as flexible foams, rigid foams, elastomers, coatings, adhesives, and thermoplastic resins.

Flexible polyurethane foams are widely used for cushioning in furniture, mattresses, and automotive seating. Rigid polyurethane foams provide thermal insulation for buildings, appliances, and cold-chain applications. Polyurethane elastomers offer toughness and abrasion resistance for wheels, rollers, seals, and other industrial parts. Coatings and adhesives extend protection and bonding on wood, metal, concrete, plastics, and textiles. Thermoplastic polyurethanes combine elasticity with processability for molded parts and films.

Manufacturing typically uses two-component systems in which a polyol blend reacts with an isocyanate such as MDI or TDI, with catalysts and blowing agents incorporated to form foams. In foaming formulations, water or other blowing agents generate cells and may form urea linkages that influence properties and performance.

History and safety: Polyurethanes were developed in the 1930s and commercialized in the following decades, achieving widespread use across furniture, automotive, construction, and coatings. Health and environmental considerations focus on diisocyanates, which can cause respiratory sensitization, and on end-of-life handling for crosslinked materials. Recycling remains challenging, but mechanical and chemical recycling approaches, including glycolysis, and the growth of bio-based polyols aim to improve sustainability.

Overall, polyurethane chemistry offers versatile performance for many applications, while ongoing research seeks to enhance safety, recyclability, and sustainability.