Perämeri

Perämeri, also known as the Bothnian Bay, is the northernmost arm of the Baltic Sea. It lies between Sweden on the west and Finland on the east. The Bothnian Bay is characterized by its shallow waters and low salinity, which is a result of the large freshwater inflow from rivers in northern Sweden and Finland. The bay freezes over for several months each year, typically from November to May, making icebreaker operations a crucial part of navigation during winter.

The coastline of Perämeri is dotted with numerous islands and archipelagos, particularly off the Finnish coast. Major rivers flowing into the bay include the Umeå, Luleå, Torne, and Kemi rivers. These rivers contribute significantly to the bay's unique ecosystem. The marine life in Perämeri is adapted to its brackish and cold conditions, with species such as herring, cod, and various seals found in its waters.

The economy of the Perämeri region is historically linked to forestry, fishing, and shipping. Several important port cities are located on its shores, including Oulu, Pori, and Vaasa in Finland, and Sundsvall and Umeå in Sweden. These ports facilitate the export of timber and other goods, as well as passenger ferry services. The environmental health of Perämeri is a concern, with efforts focused on reducing pollution from industrial and agricultural sources.