Pernisiöösianemia

Pernisiöösianemia is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the stomach and impairs the absorption of vitamin B12. It is characterized by the body's immune system attacking the parietal cells in the stomach lining. These parietal cells are responsible for producing intrinsic factor, a protein essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine. Without sufficient intrinsic factor, vitamin B12 cannot be properly absorbed, leading to a deficiency.

Vitamin B12 is crucial for the production of red blood cells and for the healthy functioning of the nervous system. A deficiency in vitamin B12 can result in megaloblastic anemia, a condition where red blood cells are abnormally large and fewer in number. This can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and jaundice. Neurological symptoms can also occur, including numbness, tingling, difficulty walking, and cognitive impairment.

The exact cause of pernicious anemia is not fully understood, but it is believed to have a genetic predisposition and is more common in individuals of Northern European descent. Diagnosis is typically made through blood tests to measure vitamin B12 levels, antibodies against parietal cells or intrinsic factor, and a complete blood count. Treatment involves lifelong vitamin B12 supplementation, usually administered via injections or high-dose oral supplements. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent irreversible neurological damage.