Penicilinat

Penicilinat, also known as penicillinate, refers to salts or esters derived from penicillin that are used to improve solubility and enable parenteral administration. The term typically denotes alkali metal salts of penicillin, such as sodium penicilinate and potassium penicilinate, formed by reacting penicillin with sodium or potassium compounds. These salts increase water solubility compared with some penicillin forms, facilitating intravenous or intramuscular delivery. Chemically, penicilinate is the penicillinic acid derivative in salt form, with the penicillinate anion representing the deprotonated, salt-stabilized penicillin molecule.

Pharmacology and mechanism of action: Penicilinat forms retain the core beta-lactam structure of penicillin and share the mechanism of action of penicillins—inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin‑binding proteins, leading to bactericidal effects against susceptible organisms. The antimicrobial spectrum depends on the specific penicillin used; broadly, penicillins in this family are active against many Gram‑positive bacteria and some Gram‑negative cocci, with activity limited by beta‑lactamase production and other resistance mechanisms.

Clinical use and administration: Penicilinate salts are commonly employed for systemic infections where parenteral penicillin administration is indicated. Dosing and choice of salt depend on the specific penicillin derivative and the severity of infection. Safety and adverse effects: allergic reactions can range from dermatitis to anaphylaxis; cross‑reactivity with other beta‑lactams is possible. Other potential adverse effects include gastrointestinal upset and electrolyte disturbances in certain salt formulations.

History: Penicillin, discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928, gave rise to a broad class of beta‑lactam antibiotics, including penicilinate forms developed to optimize delivery and solubility.