Penísílínum

Penísílínum, commonly known as penicillin, is a group of antibiotics derived from the Penicillium fungus, first discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928. It remains one of the most widely used and important medications in modern medicine due to its effectiveness against a broad spectrum of bacterial infections. Penicillin works by interfering with the formation of bacterial cell walls, leading to the destruction of susceptible bacteria.

The first clinically useful penicillin, penicillin G (benzylpenicillin), was developed in the 1940s by Howard Florey, Ernst Chain, and their team at Oxford University. This breakthrough played a crucial role in treating infections during and after World War II, saving countless lives. Since then, numerous penicillin derivatives have been synthesized to improve stability, broaden antimicrobial activity, and reduce resistance.

Penicillins are classified into several groups based on their chemical structure and spectrum of activity, including natural penicillins (e.g., penicillin G), penicillinase-resistant penicillins (e.g., methicillin), aminopenicillins (e.g., ampicillin), and extended-spectrum penicillins (e.g., piperacillin). Some penicillins are combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors (e.g., amoxicillin-clavulanate) to counteract bacterial resistance mechanisms.

Common uses of penicillin include treating infections such as pneumonia, strep throat, syphilis, and certain types of meningitis. However, penicillin is ineffective against viral infections, including the common cold and influenza. Allergic reactions, particularly immediate hypersensitivity, are a significant concern with penicillin use, affecting approximately 10% of the population. Mild reactions may include rash or hives, while severe cases can lead to anaphylaxis, a life-threatening allergic response.

Resistance to penicillin has emerged due to overuse and misuse, prompting the development of newer antibiotics and stricter prescribing guidelines. Proper use, adherence to full treatment courses, and laboratory testing for bacterial susceptibility help mitigate resistance. Penicillin remains a cornerstone of antibiotic therapy, though its continued effectiveness depends on responsible medical practice.