Oxidoreduction

Oxidoreduction, often shortened to redox, is a fundamental type of chemical reaction involving the transfer of electrons between chemical species. These reactions are characterized by a simultaneous oxidation and reduction process. Oxidation is defined as the loss of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion, which results in an increase in its oxidation state. Conversely, reduction is the gain of electrons by a species, leading to a decrease in its oxidation state.

In any redox reaction, one species is oxidized while another is simultaneously reduced. The species that causes oxidation by accepting electrons is called the oxidizing agent, and it itself gets reduced. The species that causes reduction by donating electrons is called the reducing agent, and it gets oxidized. The transfer of electrons can occur directly, or it can be mediated by intermediate species. Redox reactions are ubiquitous in nature and are crucial for many biological and industrial processes. Examples include cellular respiration, photosynthesis, combustion, and the operation of batteries. Understanding redox reactions is essential for comprehending a wide range of chemical phenomena and for developing new technologies. The concept of oxidation state is a useful tool for tracking electron transfer and identifying redox processes.