Oksiran

Oksiran, also known as oxirane or ethylene oxide, is a cyclic ether with a three-membered ring consisting of two carbon atoms and one oxygen. Its chemical formula is C2H4O. The ring strain in oksiran makes it highly reactive, enabling extensive ring-opening reactions that produce a wide range of derivatives. At room temperature, oksiran is a colorless gas that is flammable and forms explosive mixtures with air. Its boiling point is about -12.3°C.

Industrial production of oksiran is mainly by catalytic oxidation of ethylene with oxygen over a silver catalyst, typically at elevated temperature and pressure. Historically, the chlorohydrin process—where ethylene reacts with chlorine and water to form ethylene chlorohydrin, which is converted to oksiran—was used in some plants. Modern facilities mostly rely on direct oxidation due to efficiency and economic considerations. Oxirane is commonly produced and handled under controlled conditions because of its reactivity and hazards.

Uses and applications of oksiran are diverse. It is a key building block for the production of ethylene glycols (such as ethylene glycol) and a wide range of ethoxylated compounds used in polymers, solvents, surfactants, and personal care products. It also serves as a reactive intermediate in the manufacture of polyurethane polyols and various specialty chemicals. In some contexts, oksiran is used for sterilization and fumigation, owing to its antimicrobial properties.

Safety and regulation are important considerations. Oksiran is highly flammable and can pose explosion risks in air mixtures. It is also classified by risk agencies as a hazardous substance; exposure should be minimized, and handling typically requires specialized equipment, inhibitors to prevent polymerization, and appropriate storage and containment measures.