Nötron

A neutron is a subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom. It is electrically neutral, meaning it has no electric charge, distinguishing it from protons, which carry a positive charge. Neutrons are classified as fermions, having a half-integer spin, and are subject to the strong nuclear force, which binds atomic nuclei together.

The neutron has a mass slightly greater than that of a proton, approximately 1.675 x 10^-27 kilograms or about 1 atomic mass unit (amu). Its mass is roughly 1.0014 times that of a proton. Unlike protons, neutrons are unstable outside the nucleus; free neutrons undergo beta decay with a half-life of about 14 minutes, transforming into a proton, an electron, and an antineutrino.

Neutrons play a critical role in nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry. They facilitate nuclear reactions such as fission and fusion, enabling the release of energy in nuclear power plants and stars. The neutrons' ability to penetrate atomic nuclei without repulsion makes them useful tools in various scientific and industrial applications, including neutron scattering for material analysis.

In cosmology and astrophysics, neutrons are essential in processes that lead to the formation of heavier elements in stellar environments. They are produced in nuclear reactions within stars and during cosmic events, such as supernovae.

The neutron was first discovered in 1932 by James Chadwick, who identified it through experiments involving bombarding beryllium with alpha particles. Its discovery helped explain atomic structure and advanced understanding of nuclear reactions and stability.