Nonylphenol

Nonylphenol refers to a family of alkylphenols in which a phenol ring bears a C9 alkyl substituent. Commercial nonylphenol is a complex mixture of isomers, including ortho-, meta-, and para-nonylphenols; the para isomer (4-nonylphenol) is a common reference. The empirical formula is C15H24O.

Nonylphenol is produced mainly by alkylation of phenol with nonene mixtures, and it is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs), which are widely used surfactants in detergents, cleaners, paints, and industrial processes. NP and NPEs can be released to the environment during production, use, and wastewater treatment, where they may degrade to NP and other products.

Environmental and health aspects: Nonylphenol is persistent in the environment and tends to adsorb to sediments and organic matter. Some isomers, particularly 4-nonylphenol, exhibit estrogenic activity and can disrupt endocrine function in aquatic species, affecting reproduction and development. Human health effects are primarily a concern through occupational exposure or contaminated water and food; NP is considered a potential endocrine disruptor. Regulations in many jurisdictions restrict the use of NP and NPEs, and effluent limits are commonly enforced to limit environmental releases.

Safety: Nonylphenol is a hazardous chemical: it can be irritating to skin and eyes, and should be handled with appropriate protective equipment in industrial settings.