Nicotineadenine

Nicotineadenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells, playing a crucial role in various metabolic processes. It is a dinucleotide composed of nicotinic acid (niacin) and adenine, linked by a pyrophosphate bond. NAD exists in two forms: NAD+ and NADH. NAD+ is the oxidized form, while NADH is the reduced form. The interconversion between NAD+ and NADH is central to cellular energy production, particularly in the electron transport chain of the mitochondria.

NAD+ is a cofactor for numerous enzymes, including those involved in glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. It accepts electrons and protons, converting to NADH. NADH then transfers these electrons to the electron transport chain, facilitating the production of ATP, the primary energy currency of the cell.

The balance between NAD+ and NADH is vital for cellular function. Aging and certain diseases, such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, are associated with a decline in NAD+ levels, a condition known as NAD+ depletion. This depletion can lead to impaired cellular function and increased risk of age-related diseases.

NAD+ supplementation has gained attention as a potential therapeutic strategy to combat NAD+ depletion. However, the effectiveness and safety of NAD+ supplementation are still subjects of ongoing research.