Nadgarstek

Nadgarstek, in Polish anatomy, denotes the wrist—the complex region where the forearm meets the hand. It includes the radiocarpal joint and the midcarpal joints, and the eight carpal bones arranged in two rows: proximal row (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform) and distal row (trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate).

The radiocarpal joint is formed by the distal end of the radius and the articular disc of the distal ulna, together with the proximal carpal row. The midcarpal joints lie between the carpal bones themselves and contribute significantly to wrist motion. The distal radioulnar joint, while primarily a forearm joint, also influences wrist function through forearm rotation.

Ligamentous support includes the volar and dorsal radiocarpal ligaments, ulnar and radial collateral ligaments, and intercarpal ligaments such as the scapholunate and lunotriquetral ligaments. The carpal tunnel, a narrow passage in the wrist, contains the median nerve and flexor tendons; compression within this tunnel causes carpal tunnel syndrome.

Blood supply to the wrist arises from branches of the radial and ulnar arteries, providing both dorsal and palmar vascular networks. Innervation involves branches of the median, ulnar, and radial nerves, delivering sensory information and motor control to the hand.

Functionally, the nadgarstek allows flexion, extension, radial and ulnar deviation, and participates in forearm pronation and supination. It provides a stable, flexible base for grip and load transmission between the forearm and hand. Clinically, distal radius fractures, scaphoid injuries, and carpal instability are common wrist-related conditions.